PTSD vs severe stress: Psychologists reveal signs people shouldn't ignore

PTSD: When the brain's safety system fails

In recent years, the phrase "I might have PTSD" has become increasingly common in everyday conversations. Persistent stress has become part of daily life, placing unprecedented pressure on mental health. But where is the line between a normal—albeit intense—response to extraordinary events and a clinical disorder that requires professional intervention?

The key point to understand is that PTSD is not a sign of personal weakness or other failure.

"This is one possible response of the psyche to abnormal circumstances, when the brain effectively becomes 'stuck' at the moment of trauma. Imagine a home security system that activates during a burglary but then malfunctions, continuing to sound long after the intruders are gone. In the same way, the brain remains in survival mode even when the immediate danger has passed," the therapist explains.

Checklist: Four groups of PTSD signs

Stress typically follows a wave-like pattern: a distressing event occurs, anxiety rises, and over time, the nervous system stabilizes. In PTSD, stabilization does not happen. The expert distinguishes four main categories of signs:

Intrusive re-experiencing

These are not memories but sensations that make it feel as though the traumatic event is happening again.

• Flashbacks: Sudden, vivid images or physical sensations linked to the trauma
• Nightmares: Recurring dreams related to the event, often accompanied by intense physical reactions
• Triggers: Strong reactions to sounds, smells, or situations—for example, fireworks provoking panic or rapid heartbeat

Avoidance and anhedonia

The psyche tries to reduce pain by suppressing emotional responses:

• Avoiding people, places, or conversations connected to the trauma
• Loss of interest in activities that once brought enjoyment
• A sense of emotional detachment or distance from loved ones

Hyperarousal and constant vigilance

The nervous system remains in a state of heightened alert:

• Exaggerated startle response to loud or sudden noises
• Sleep disturbances, including difficulty falling or staying asleep
• Sudden irritability or anger without a clear cause
• Constant monitoring of surroundings, such as choosing seats near exits

Changes in mood and thinking

Trauma can significantly alter how a person views the world:

• Persistent beliefs such as "the world is dangerous" or "no one can be trusted"
• Excessive feelings of guilt ("I survived while others did not") or shame

When symptoms become a medical concern

Note that during the first days or weeks after a traumatic event, these reactions are considered normal. This is known as an acute stress response, as the brain processes shock.

However, if symptoms persist for more than one month, intensify over time, or interfere with work, relationships, or daily functioning, this may indicate PTSD and the need for professional care.

"PTSD is not lifelong. It is a treatable condition. Psychotherapy—including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), EMDR, and other approaches—helps the brain process traumatic experiences and integrate them into long-term memory so they no longer dominate the present," the expert says.

In addition, experts warn against attempting to cope through alcohol use or social isolation, as this often worsens symptoms. Seeking professional support remains the most effective path to recovery.

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This material is for informational purposes only and should not be used for medical diagnosis or self-treatment. Our goal is to provide readers with accurate information about symptoms, causes, and methods of detecting diseases. RBС-Ukraine is not responsible for any diagnoses that readers may make based on materials from the resource. We do not recommend self-treatment and advise consulting a doctor in case of any health concerns.